-
1 oscillations in a power system
Энергетика: качания в энергосистемеУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > oscillations in a power system
-
2 качания в энергосистеме
1) Power engineering: oscillations in a power system, power system swinging, swinging2) Energy system: huntingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > качания в энергосистеме
-
3 Poulsen, Valdemar
[br]b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmarkd. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark[br]Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.[br]From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.[br]Bibliography1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.Further ReadingA.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).GB-N -
4 режим
( работы) behavior, condition, duty, operation, mode, performance, run, use, process, regime, schedule, state* * *режи́м м.1. regime, condition; вчт. operation, modeвключа́ть режи́м ( работы) — turn on a conditionвыключа́ть [снима́ть] режи́м ( работы) — remove a conditionпереводи́ть в режи́м, напр. пе́редачи радио — place in, e. g., the TRANSMIT conditionпереходи́ть в режи́м ре́верса — go into reverse (operation)переходи́ть с, напр. одного́ режи́ма управле́ния на друго́й — change between, e. g., control modesрабо́тать в режи́ме, бли́зком к преде́льному [крити́ческому] — be in marginal operation2. ( совокупность параметров) conditionsавари́йный режи́м — emergency operationавтоколеба́тельный режи́м рад., элк. — free-running (operation)автоно́мный режи́м — off-line operation, off-line mode, off-line conditionрабо́тать в автоно́мном режи́ме — operate off-lineрежи́м авторота́ции ав. — autorotation [windmilling] regimeакти́вный режи́м ( транзистора) — active regionба́зисный режи́м ( в энергетике) — base load operationрежи́м больши́х сигна́лов радио, элк. — large-signal operationбу́ферный режи́м ( аккумуляторной батареи) — floating serviceрежи́м бы́стрых электро́нов тлв. — high-velocity scanning, high-velocity-beam operationрежи́м ва́рки цел.-бум. — cooking conditionвзлё́тный режи́м — take-off regimeрежи́м висе́ния ав. — hovering, hover modeвихрево́й режи́м — eddy flowво́дный режи́м — water regime, hydrolycityгаранти́йный режи́м — warranted performance, warranted conditionрежи́м гига́нтских колеба́ний — giant oscillationsрежи́м горе́ния, детонацио́нный — knocking combustionрежи́м горе́ния, кинети́ческий — kinetic combustionрежи́м движе́ния жи́дкости, напо́рный — forced flowрежи́м движе́ния жи́дкости, поршнево́й — plug flowрежи́м движе́ния жи́дкости, пузы́рчатый — bubble flowрежи́м движе́ния жи́дкости, расслоё́нный — stratified flowрежи́м заполне́ния ( водохранилища ГЭС) — rate of inflowрежи́м заря́да ( аккумуляторной батареи) — charging rateрежи́м заря́да, коне́чный — finishing rateрежи́м заря́д — разря́д ( аккумуляторной батареи) — cycle serviceиспо́льзовать батаре́ю в режи́ме заря́д — разря́д — operate a battery on cycle serviceи́мпульсный режи́м — pulsed operationрежи́м кипе́ния — boiling condition, boiling regimeрежи́м кипе́ния, плё́ночный — film boilingрежи́м кипе́ния, пузы́рчатый — nucleate boilingкре́йсерский режи́м — cruising regime, cruising mode, cruising conditionsкрити́ческий режи́м — criticality, critical conditionsрежи́м ма́лого га́за, земно́го ав. — ground idling conditionsрежи́м ма́лых сигна́лов — small-signal conditionрежи́м ме́дленных электро́нов тлв. — low-velocity scanning, low-velocity-beam operationмногомо́довый режи́м — multimoding, multimode operationрежи́м модуля́ции добро́тности — Q-spoiled [Q-switched] modeрежи́м молча́ния ( работы усилителя) — no-signal condition, no-signal stateмонои́мпульсный режи́м — giant oscillationsрежи́м нагру́зки — under-load operationнадкрити́ческий режи́м ( ядерного реактора) — supercriticalityнапряжё́нный режи́м — heavy dutyрежи́м незатуха́ющих колеба́ний — CW modeненорма́льный режи́м — abnormal [defective, faulty] conditionнерасчё́тный режи́м — off-design conditionнестациона́рный режи́м — unsteady conditionномина́льный режи́м — design conditionрежи́м обедне́ния ( транзистора) — depletion modeрежи́м обжа́тий метал. — draughting scheduleрежи́м обогаще́ния ( транзистора) — enhancement modeрежи́м ожида́ния ав. — holding patternвыполня́ть полё́т в режи́ме ожида́ния — fly the holding patternоконе́чный режи́м ( в радиорелейной связи) — terminal operationоперати́вный режи́м вчт. — on-line operationрежи́м остано́вки — shutdown conditionрежи́м отка́чки — exhaust scheduleрежи́м переда́чи радио — transmit conditionрежи́м переключе́ния добро́тности — Q-spoiled modeперехо́дный режи́м — transient conditionпериоди́ческий режи́м — periodic dutyпи́ковый режи́м — peaking operationрежи́м пласта́, водонапо́рный нефт. — water driveпласт рабо́тает в водонапо́рном режи́ме — the oil pool produces [operates] under water driveрежи́м пласта́ га́зовой ша́пки нефт. — gas-cap driveпласт рабо́тает в режи́ме га́зовой ша́пки — the oil pool produces [operates] under gas-cap driveрежи́м пласта́, гравитацио́нный нефт. — gravity drainageпласт рабо́тает в гравитацио́нном режи́ме — the oil pool produces [operates] under gravity drainageрежи́м пласта́ расшире́ния га́за нефт. — gas-expansion driveпласт рабо́тает в режи́ме расшире́ния га́за — the oil pool produces [operates] under gas-expansion driveрежи́м поко́я — quiescent conditionsрежи́м полё́та (напр. по маршруту) — regime of flight, flight condition (e. g., cruise, climb, or descent)режи́м по́лной нагру́зки — full-load conditionsпони́женный режи́м радио — reduced power conditionsла́мпа рабо́тает на пони́женном режи́ме — the tube is under-runпереда́тчик рабо́тает на пони́женном режи́ме — the transmitter operates at reduced powerрежи́м пото́ка — flow condition, flow regime, flow patternрежи́м приё́ма радио — receive conditionрежи́м прогре́ва — warm-upрежи́м проду́вки — blow-downрежи́м прока́тки — rolling scheduleпромысло́вый режи́м — fishing procedureпусково́й режи́м — starting regime, start-up proceduresрежи́м рабо́ты — mode [type] of operationрежи́м рабо́ты, беспи́чковый — nonspiking modeрежи́м рабо́ты дви́гателей ав. — power conditionsрежи́м рабо́ты на ра́зностной частоте́ ( параметрического усилителя) — difference modeрежи́м рабо́ты на сумма́рной частоте́ ( параметрического усилителя) — sum modeрежи́м рабо́ты, номина́льный — rated dutyрежи́м рабо́ты, переме́нный — varying dutyрежи́м рабо́ты, периоди́ческий — periodic dutyрежи́м рабо́ты, пи́чковый — spiking modeрежи́м рабо́ты, повто́рно-кратковре́менный — intermittent cycle, intermittent dutyрежи́м рабо́ты, полуду́плексный — semi-duplex operationRBS режи́м рабо́ты самолё́тного отве́тчика — ATC radar-beacon system operationрежи́м рабо́ты с мно́гими мо́дами — multimoding, multimode operationрежи́м рабо́ты с мно́гими ти́пами колеба́ний — multimoding, multimode operationрежи́м рабо́ты, холосто́й — no-load operationрабо́чий режи́м — (вид работы, функция) operating condition; ( совокупность параметров) operating variables, operating conditionsрежи́м приё́ма явля́ется норма́льным рабо́чим режи́мом радиоприё́мника — the receive condition is the normal operating conditions of the radio setрежи́м разделе́ния вре́мени вчт. — timesharingрасчё́тный режи́м — design conditionрежи́мы ре́зания — cutting conditions, cutting speeds, feeds and depthsскользя́щий режи́м автмт. — zero-overshoot responseрежи́м сма́зки — relubrication intervalsрежи́м срабо́тки ( водохранилища) — rate of usageрежи́м сто́ка — regime of run-offтемперату́рный режи́м — temperature [heat] conditionтемперату́рный режи́м транзи́стора — temperature (rise) of a transistorтеплофикацио́нный режи́м — heat-extraction modeрежи́м тече́ния — flow (condition)типово́й режи́м — standard conditionsтранзи́тный режи́м свз. — through-line operationтяжё́лый режи́м — heavy dutyустанови́вшийся режи́м — steady state, steady-state conditionsрежи́м холосто́го хо́да — no-load conditionsчистоконденсацио́нный режи́м — nonextraction operationэксплуатацио́нный режи́м — operating [working] conditions* * * -
5 режим
1. м. вчт. regime, condition; operation, mode2. м. conditionsрабочий режим — operating condition; operating variables
режим приёма является нормальным рабочим режимом радиоприёмника — the receive condition is the normal operating conditions of the radio set
Синонимический ряд:1. порядок (сущ.) порядок; распорядок2. строй (сущ.) государственный строй; общественный строй; строй -
6 failure
1) разрушение; поломка; повреждение; выход из строя: авария2) отказ; сбой; неисправность4) мех. потеря несущей способности5) горн. обрушение6) недостаточность; нарушение•at failure — при разрушении;failure by buckling — разрушение в результате потери устойчивости;by rupture failure — разрушение в результате среза (напр. заклепок); разрушение при сдвиге;due to a mechanical failure — вследствие отказа механизма;failure following resonance — разрушение ( воздушного судна) вследствие резонанса;to carry test to failure — доводить испытание до разрушения ( образца);to localize the failure — локализовывать повреждение, определять место повреждения;failure to trip — отказ в срабатывании ( релейной системы)failure of dam — 1. прорыв плотины 2. прорыв дамбыfailure of lubricating film — разрыв масляной плёнкиfailure of oscillations — срыв генерацииfailure of power — аварийное прекращение подачи электроэнергии-
accelerated failure
-
actual failure
-
additional failure
-
adolescent failure
-
ageing failure
-
air brake failure
-
aircraft electrical failure
-
airframe failure
-
alarmed failure
-
bearing failure
-
bench-test failure
-
bending failure
-
bond failure
-
brittle failure
-
buckling failure
-
bulk failure
-
cascading failures
-
catastrophic failure
-
chance failure
-
cleavage failure
-
clutch plate burst failure
-
cockpit failure
-
cohesional failure of adhesive
-
cohesive failure
-
column failure
-
common failure
-
commutation failure
-
complete failure
-
compression failure
-
cone failure
-
conical failure
-
contamination failure
-
corrosion failure
-
creep failure
-
critical failure
-
critical single system failure
-
degradation failure
-
dependent failure
-
detectable failure
-
device operating failure
-
docking failure
-
dormant failure
-
downhole failure
-
drift failure
-
drill failure
-
ductile failure
-
ductile-brittle failure
-
early failure
-
effective failure
-
elastic failure
-
electrical failure
-
electric failure
-
electrical equipment failure
-
electromigration failure
-
end failure
-
endurance failure
-
engine failure
-
expected failure
-
fatigue airframe failure
-
fatigue failure
-
field failure
-
field-test failure
-
filament failure
-
first failure
-
flat-type failure
-
flow failure
-
foundation failure
-
fracture failure
-
gradual failure
-
gross failure
-
hard failure
-
hardening failures
-
hidden failure
-
ice failure
-
ignition failure
-
independent failure
-
inherent weakness failure
-
in-house failure
-
initial failure
-
in-plant failure
-
in-service failure
-
insulation failure
-
interfacial failure of adhesive
-
intermittent failure
-
in-warranty failure
-
latent failure
-
life-limiting failure
-
lining failure
-
machine tool failure
-
major failure
-
man-made failure
-
minor failure
-
misuse failure
-
momentary circuit failure
-
monotone failure
-
multiple component failures
-
multiple failure
-
nonrelevant failure
-
oblique failure
-
off failure
-
on failure
-
open-circuit failure
-
open failure
-
operational failure
-
overload failure
-
overstress airframe failure
-
parity failure
-
partial failure
-
passive failure
-
permanent failure
-
picture failure
-
pinhole failures
-
piping failure
-
plant failure
-
power failure
-
premature failure
-
pressure failure
-
primary failure
-
progressive failure
-
propagating failures
-
random failure
-
relevant failure
-
repeated failure
-
rock failure
-
rogue failure
-
roof failure
-
rotor failure
-
seal failure
-
secondary failure
-
separation failure
-
shearing failure
-
shear failure
-
shielding failure
-
short-circuit failure
-
short failure
-
short-duration failure
-
signal failure
-
simulated engine failure
-
single failure
-
single system failure
-
soft failure
-
spalling failure
-
stable failure
-
stage-by-stage failure
-
static failure
-
stress corrosion failure
-
sudden failure
-
surface failure
-
sustained failure
-
tensile failure
-
tire cracking failure
-
tool failure
-
top failure
-
torsional failure
-
torsion failure
-
transient failure
-
tuyere failure
-
unalarmed failure
-
undetectable failure
-
unexplainable failure
-
vacuum failure
-
voltage failure
-
wear-out failure
-
wear failure -
7 колебание(я)
fluctuation, vibration
(величины, напр., давления, напряжения) — fluctuation or vibration on each side of a mean value or position.
- (периодический процесс) — oscillation
-, вынужденные — forced oscillation
-, вынужденное (вибрационнoe) — forced vibration
вибрация от воздействия внешних периодически прилаженных сил, — when vibration results from the application of an external periodic force.
-, высокочастотное ("зуд" поверхности управления) непрерывное колебание поверхности управления, вызываемое прерывистым отрывом воздушного потока. — buzz. sustained oscillation of a control surface caused by intermittent flow separation.
-, высокочастотные ("зуд") элероны — aileron buzz
-, изгибное — bending vibration
-, крутильное — torsional vibration
- лопасти несущего винта относительно вертикального шарнира — hunting angular oscillation of а rotor blade about the drag hinge.
- напряжения — voltage fluctuation
-, незатухающие — sustained oscillation
-, неустановившиеся — transient vibration
любое движение в вибрационной системе за период, потребный для перехода системы из одного условия приложения силы в другое, — any motion in a vibrating system which occurs during the time required for the system to adapt itself from one force condition to another.
- оборотов — speed/rpm/ fluctuation, variation in rpm, speed variation
- no крену — roll(ing) oscillation
- no тангажу — pitch(ing) oscillation
- подачи питания — power supply variations
- показаний (указателя) — unstable display /reading/
-, поперечное (самолета) — lateral oscillation
любое движение, вызываемое периодическим изменением движения самолета по крену, рысканию и боковому скольжению. — any motion which is made up of а periodic variation of the rolling, jawing and side-slipping of an aircraft.
-, принудительное — forced oscillation
-, продольное (самолета) — longitudinal oscillation
любое движение, вызываемое периодическим изменением скорости полета, высоты и угла тангажа. — any motion which is made up of а periodic variation of the flight speed, height and angle of pitch of an aircraft.
-, продольное кратковременное — short-period longitudinal oscillation
при данном виде колебаний поступательная скорость самолета остается практически неизменной, но возникают изменения угла атаки и пространственного положения ла. — in short-period oscillations the aircraft forward speed remains substantially constant, involving predominantly changes in the incidence and attitude.
- рыскания — yawing oscillation
-, свободное (собственное) — free vibration
вибрационное движение в упругой системе, выведенной из состояния равновесия, и свободной от дальнейшего приложения внешней силы. — free vibration is the vibratory motion which takes place when an elastic system is displaced from its equilibrium position and released.
-, скручивающие — torsional vibration
- стрелки (прибора) — pointer oscillation
- стрелки прибора (относительно отметки шкалы) стрелка должна возвратиться в нулевое положение, проходя через нулевую отметку не более двух раз. — crossing the pointer should return to zero without crossing the zero mark more than twice.
- температуры — temperature variation
-, установившееся (устойчивое) — steady-state vibration
-, фугоидное — phugoid oscillation
длинно-периодные колебания при нарушении продольнаго движения самолета. — а long-period oscillation characteristic of the disturbed longitudinal motion of an aeroplane.
- шимми — shimmy
вынужденные колебания самоцентрирующегося переднего колеса шасси относительно оси свободного ориентирования при движении по поверхности с повышенным коэффициентом трения. — а forced oscillation of a casfaring wheel about the castor axis when travelling on a surface the coefficient of friction of which exceeds a critical value.
затухание к. стрелки (прибоpa) — damping of the pointer oscillation
успокоение к. — oscillation damping
гасить к. — damp oscillationРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > колебание(я)
-
8 failure
1) отказ; выход из строя2) отказ от выполнения; неисполнение (напр. команды)3) бион недостаточность; нарушение4) нехватка; дефицит•- catastrophic failure
- chance failure
- CMOS checksum failure
- complete failure
- corona failure
- creeping failure
- critical failure
- degradation failure
- dependent failure
- device operating failures
- di/dt failure
- disk boot failure
- drift failure
- drive parameter activity failure
- dv/dt failure
- electromigration failure
- externally caused failure
- FDD controller failure
- floppy disk controller failure
- gate-triggered di/dt failure
- gate-triggered dv/dt failure
- gradual failure
- hard failure
- hard disk controller failure
- hardware failure
- HDD controller failure
- independent failure
- infant failure
- infant mortality failure
- inherent weakness failure
- initial failure
- intercrystalline failure
- intermittent failure
- in-warranty failure
- major failure
- marginal checking failure
- minor failure
- misuse failure
- multiple failure
- open failure
- partial failure
- power failure
- predictable failure
- predictive failure
- primary failure
- progressive failure
- radio guidance failure
- random failure
- relevant failure
- reset failure
- rogue failure
- secondary failure
- sense operation failure
- seek operation failure
- short failure
- short-circuit failure
- short-duration failure
- shunt leakage failure
- single failure
- slow-path failure
- software failure
- sudden failure
- system failure
- transgranular failure
- unpredictable failure
- wear-out failure
- yield failure -
9 failure
1) отказ; выход из строя2) отказ от выполнения; неисполнение (напр. команды)3) бион. недостаточность; нарушение4) нехватка; дефицит•- chance failure
- CMOS checksum failure
- complete failure
- corona failure
- creeping failure
- critical failure
- degradation failure
- dependent failure
- device operating failures
- di/dt failure
- disk boot failure
- drift failure
- drive parameter activity failure
- dv/dt failure
- electromigration failure
- externally caused failure
- failure of oscillations
- FDD controller failure
- floppy disk controller failure
- gate-triggered di/dt failure
- gate-triggered dv/dt failure
- gradual failure
- hard disk controller failure
- hard failure
- hardware failure
- HDD controller failure
- independent failure
- infant failure
- infant mortality failure
- inherent weakness failure
- initial failure
- intercrystalline failure
- intermittent failure
- in-warranty failure
- major failure
- marginal checking failure
- minor failure
- misuse failure
- multiple failure
- open failure
- partial failure
- power failure
- predictable failure
- predictive failure
- primary failure
- progressive failure
- radio guidance failure
- random failure
- relevant failure
- reset failure
- rogue failure
- secondary failure
- seek operation failure
- sense operation failure
- short failure
- short-circuit failure
- short-duration failure
- shunt leakage failure
- single failure
- slow-path failure
- software failure
- sudden failure
- system failure
- transgranular failure
- unpredictable failure
- wear-out failure
- yield failureThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > failure
-
10 coupling
сцепление; фрикцион; муфта; зубчатая муфта; кулачковая муфта; муфта сцепления; защёлка; собачка; кулак; сопряжение; сочленение (напр. шарнирного устройства); связь (по радио); взаимосвязь; взаимодействие; сцепной прибор; сцепка; цепной замок; стяжка; спаривание; соединение; соединительное звено (напр. цепи); стыковка; связывание; увязка; внедрение; доведение (результатов исследований); II соединительный; связывающий- coupling bar - coupling between oscillations - coupling cable - coupling component - coupling cone - coupling connector - coupling device - coupling edge - coupling end - coupling engagement - coupling error - coupling face - coupling fitting - coupling flange - coupling fork - coupling gasket - coupling half - coupling head - coupling hitch - coupling hook - coupling joint - coupling lever - coupling lifter - coupling link - coupling lock - coupling mechanism - coupling member - coupling nut - coupling of Asiatic profile - coupling of European profile - coupling of pipeline - coupling of pipeline sections - coupling of serie B - coupling pawl - coupling piece - coupling pipe - coupling point - coupling power - coupling ring - coupling rod - coupling screw - coupling screwing-on - coupling shaft - coupling site - coupling size - coupling sleeve - coupling socket - coupling spindle - coupling system - coupling unit - coupling with resilient members - coupling with rubber bushings - adapter coupling - additional coupling - air hose coupling - air-line coupling - ajax flexible coupling - annular coupling - Bibly coupling - capacitive coupling - cascade coupling - cased-muff coupling - clamp shaft coupling - cone coupling - cone-vice coupling - control coupling - cross coupling - cross sliding coupling - curvex coupling - Curvic coupling - cylindrical single-piece body coupling - diaphragm coupling - direct coupling- disk- disengaging coupling - dog coupling - double tapered coupling - double universal coupling - dresser coupling - drum disconnect coupling - eddy current coupling - elastic coupling - electric coupling - electrical coupling - electromagnetic coupling - expanding coupling - expansible coupling - expansion coupling - extension coupling - face tooth coupling - Falk coupling - fast coupling - feedback coupling - female threaded swivel coupling - fire-hose coupling - fixed coupling - fixed Curvic coupling - flange coupling - flanged coupling - flare quick tapered coupling from nickel-plated brass - flexible coupling - flexible block coupling - floating coupling - fluid coupling - fluid coupling adjustable by variable configuration of working space - fluid coupling adjustable by variable filling - fluid coupling with circulation - fluid coupling without circulation - fluid coupling without support - fluid drive coupling - fluted coupling - friction cone coupling - friction coupling - friction clutch coupling - full-floating coupling - funnel coupling - gear coupling - gear tooth-type coupling - gum coupling - hardened coupling - Hirth coupling - Hirth gear coupling - Hirth-ring coupling - Hirth tooth coupling - holdfast coupling - hydraulic coupling - hysteresis coupling - gas male threaded quick coupling - induction coupling - infused emitter coupling - interstage coupling - inverse coupling - jaw coupling - joint coupling - joint-type coupling - keyed coupling - lamination coupling - leather-belt coupling - leather-link coupling - link coupling - load limiting fluid coupling - loading coupling - loose coupling - loose-sliding coupling - Lord coupling - lub'air quick coupling - magnetic coupling - magnetic particle coupling - main coupling - make-and-break coupling - master control coupling - mixed coupling - movable coupling - muff coupling - multidisk coupling - needle coupling - nonlinear coupling - Oldham coupling - Oldum coupling - olive coupling for steel- copper- optimum coupling - overload coupling - parallel two-space fluid coupling - pawl coupling - permanent coupling - permanent shaft coupling - pill-to-pin coupling - pin coupling - pin-and-bushing flexible coupling - pin flexible coupling - pipe coupling - pivot-type coupling - plate coupling - plate-type coupling - pneumatic coupling - powder coupling - pressure coupling - prolac standard coupling with pushbutton for quick disconnection - protecting fluid coupling - pull rod coupling - push-connect air coupling - quick-acting coupling - quick-action coupling - quick-connect coupling - quick olive coupling for compressed air- water- quick-release coupling - rapid coupling - ratchet coupling - reducer coupling - reducing coupling - releasing Curvic coupling - resilient-material coupling - ribbed clamp coupling - rigid coupling - ring coupling - ring compression coupling - rod coupling - rod reducing coupling - roller chain flexible coupling - rope coupling - rotary coupling - rubber annulus coupling - rubber-packed coupling - rubber spider coupling - rubber tire coupling - safety coupling - scoop controlled fluid coupling - screw coupling - screwed coupling - self-aligning coupling - Sellers coupling - semipermanent coupling - semiuniversal Curvic coupling - series two-space fluid coupling - shaft coupling - shear-pin coupling - shift Curvic coupling - single-space fluid coupling - single-support fluid coupling - single universal coupling - sleeve coupling - sleeve-type coupling - slider coupling - sliding coupling - slip coupling - slip joint coupling - solid coupling - spiral jaw coupling - spline coupling - split coupling - split muff coupling - spring coupling - spring-loaded coupling - square-jaw coupling - star coupling - starting-breaking fluid coupling - starting fluid coupling - stationary coupling - straight pipe coupling - stud-retained coupling - sucker-rod coupling - swivel coupling - swivel hose quick release safety coupling - synchronous coupling - teflon-coated tapered threaded male quick release safety coupling - thimble coupling - threaded coupling - threadless coupling - through coupling - tight coupling - toothed coupling - toothed face coupling - tooth ring coupling - tooth-type coupling - torque coupling - trailer coupling - tube coupling - tubing coupling - turned-down coupling - turntable coupling - two-space fluid coupling - two-support fluid coupling - union coupling - universal coupling - universal spindle coupling - variable coupling - vernier coupling - viscous coupling - weak coupling - Westinghouse-Nuttall coupling - working control coupling - zigzag spring coupling -
11 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV
См. также в других словарях:
Power system protection — is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the … Wikipedia
Power dividers and directional couplers — A 10 dB 1.7–2.2 GHz directional coupler. From left to right: input, coupled, isolated (terminated with a load), and transmitted port … Wikipedia
Maximum power point tracking — Current voltage characteristics of a solar cell at a particular light level, and in darkness. The area of the yellow rectangle gives the output power. Pmax denotes the maximum power point Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that… … Wikipedia
Distribution mangagement system — SCADA systems have been a part of utility automation for at least 15 years and contributing to the decision making process of the control rooms. However, majority of the existing solutions are closely related to distribution network data… … Wikipedia
Control system — For other uses, see Control system (disambiguation). A control system is a device, or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or system. There are two common classes of control systems, with many… … Wikipedia
Radio communication system — A radio communication system send signals by radio. [cite book | title = Wireless Network Performance Handbook | author = Clint Smith, Curt Gervelis | year = 2003 | publisher = McGraw Hill Professional | isbn = 0071406557 | url =… … Wikipedia
Communications system — Communication system In telecommunication, a communications system is a collection of individual communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of… … Wikipedia
Neutron-star oscillations — Asteroseismology studies the internal structure of our Sun and other stars using oscillations. These can be studied by interpreting the temporal frequency spectrum acquired through observations [cite journal|… … Wikipedia
Nonlinear system — Not to be confused with Non linear editing system. This article describes the use of the term nonlinearity in mathematics. For other meanings, see nonlinearity (disambiguation). In mathematics, a nonlinear system is one that does not satisfy the… … Wikipedia
Formation and evolution of the Solar System — Artist s conception of a protoplanetary disk The formation and evolution of the Solar System is estimated to have begun 4.568 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud … Wikipedia
Invention of radio — Great Radio Controversy redirects here. For the album by the band Tesla, see The Great Radio Controversy. Contents 1 Physics of wireless signalling 2 Theory of electromagnetism … Wikipedia